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Healthwatch
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Healthwatch
How Is Metastatic Prostate Cancer Detected And Treated In Men Over 70?
~5.5 mins read
Questions and answers about the specifics of diagnosing and treating older men whose cancer has metastasized.
National guidelines on prostate cancer screening with the PSA test are set by the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). This independent panel of experts in preventive and primary care recommends against screening for prostate cancer in men older than 70.
Why? Prostate cancer tends to be slow-growing. Men in this age group are more likely to die with the disease rather than from it. And in the view of the USPSTF, survival benefits from treating PSA-detected prostate cancer in older men are unlikely to outweigh the harms of treatment.
Still, that leaves open the possibility that men could be screened for prostate cancer only after their disease has advanced to symptomatic stages. For a perspective on PSA screening and advanced prostate cancer treatment in older men, we spoke with Dr. Marc B. Garnick, the Gorman Brothers Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and editor in chief of the Harvard Medical School Guide to Prostate Diseases.
Q. How often should men over the age of 70 be screened for prostate cancer?
Such testing is performed outside of guidelines, and generally following a discussion with the patient’s physician. It's not unusual for us to find advanced metastatic prostate cancer in older men flagged by a PSA test. The disease might spread asymptomatically, but some men get a PSA test only after they have advanced prostate cancer symptoms such as trouble urinating, fatigue, or bone pain.
The USPSTF's PSA screening guidelines are long overdue for an update — they were last published in 2018. And with life expectancy increasing overall for men over 70, we are all anxiously awaiting the new guidelines, which are generally updated every six years.
Q. What sort of other tests follow after a positive result with PSA screening?
Typically, a prostate needle biopsy. And I also recommend a digital rectal exam (DRE) to feel for any abnormalities in the prostate gland. President Biden was having urinary symptoms at the time of his PSA test, and he was reported to have had a nodule noted on his DRE. We do not know what his PSA score was.
Recently, we've been moving toward magnetic resonance imaging scans of the prostate that provide more diagnostic information, and can serve as a guide to more precisely identify abnormalities in the prostate gland that we can sample with a biopsy.
Q. How do we know if the cancer is likely to spread aggressively?
The more aggressive tumors have cells with irregular shapes and sizes that can invade into adjoining tissues. A time-honored measure called the Gleason score grades the two most common cancer cell patterns that pathologists see on a biopsy sample.
That system has now undergone some labelling changes. To simplify matters, doctors developed a five-tier grading system that ranks tumors from Grade Group 1 — the least dangerous — to Grade Group 5, which is the most dangerous. These Grade Groups still correlate with Gleason scores. For instance, a Gleason score of 3+3=6 correlates with Grade Group 1 for low-risk prostate cancer, whereas a Gleason score of 4+5=9 for high-risk disease correlates with Grade Group 5.
We can also evaluate how fast cancer cells are dividing — this measure is called mitotic rate — or order genetic tests that provide additional information. We know that men who test positive for inherited BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations are at risk for more aggressive disease, for instance. BRCA test results also have implications for family members, since the same mutations elevate risks for other inherited cancers including breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
Q. How do you know if the cancer is metastasizing?
Traditionally, patients would get a computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis along with a bone scan. These tests look for metastases in the lymph nodes and bones, but they are increasingly outdated. These days, doctors are more likely to scan for a protein called prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) that can be expressed at high levels on tumor cell surfaces.
A PSMA scan is much better at detecting prostate tumors in the body that are still too small to see with other imaging tests. If the scans show evidence of metastatic spread, we classify men as having either high- or low-volume disease depending on the extent. Men with no more than three to five metastases are described as having oligometastatic prostate cancer.
Q. What treatment options are available for metastatic prostate cancer?
We generally don't begin with a single drug. Men with low-volume metastatic prostate cancer typically get doublet therapy, which is a combination of two drugs that each starve tumors of testosterone, a hormone that prostate cancer needs to grow.
One of the drugs, called leoprolide (Lupron), blocks testosterone production. The other drugs are drawn from a class of medications that prevent testosterone from binding to its cell receptor. Those drugs are called androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPIs). They include enzalutamide (Xtandi), daralutamide (Nubeqa), apaludamide (Erleada), or another drug with a slightly different mechanism called abiraterone (Zytiga).
If the cancer progresses on doublet therapy, then we can add chemotherapy to the mix. This is called triplet therapy (Lupron + ARPI + chemotherapy). We may also recommend immediate triplet therapy depending upon the extent of the cancer spread.
Some men are eligible for other treatments as well. For instance, men with PSMA-positive disease (meaning their cells express the protein in high amounts) can be treated with an intravenously-delivered therapy called Lutetium-177. Known as a radioligand, this type of therapy seeks out PSMA-expressing cells and kills them with tiny radioactive particles.
Some men are eligible for metastasis-directed therapy (MTD). In such cases, we treat metastatic deposits with highly focused beams of radiation delivered from outside the body. MTD is generally reserved for patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer.
Q. What happens if a patient is positive on a genetic test for prostate cancer?
That opens up options for so-called targeted therapy — which is a term we use to describe treatments that target specific cell changes that cause tumors to grow. Patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, for instance, can start on doublet therapy plus a targeted therapy called a PARP inhibitor. Two PARP inhibitors are approved for prostate cancer in BRCA-positive men: olaparib (Lynparza) and rucaparib (Rubraca). Men with a different gene mutation called microsatellite instability are eligible for a targeted drug called pembrolizumab (Keytruda).
Q. How is the outlook for metastatic prostate cancer changing?
It's improving dramatically! Metastatic prostate cancer used to carry a very poor prognosis. Today, it's not unusual for men to live 10 years or longer with the disease. We're even starting to treat cancer in the prostate directly — something we didn't do in the past since the cancer had already spread beyond the prostate gland. More recent studies have shown improvements from delivering radiation to the prostate gland itself in patients with metastatic cancer. We're including these treatments more often now, which is something we wouldn't have considered before.
Q. Any final notes?
I would advise men to undergo a cardiac evaluation prior to starting on hormonal therapy. Hormonal therapies can exacerbate cardiovascular risk factors, so these should be addressed before and during treatment.
Thanks for your insights!
You're very welcome, glad to help.
Instablog9ja
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Instablog9ja
A Large Portion Of Nigerias Gold Is Illegally Mined And Smuggled To The UAE, Says Minister Of Solid Minerals Development, Dele Alake
~0.6 mins read
The Minister of Solid Minerals Development, Dele Alake, has disclosed that a huge volume of gold mined in Nigeria is being illegally exported to the United Arab Emirates.
The minister disclosed this while receiving the UAE Ambassador to Nigeria, Salem Al Shamsi, in his office in Abuja on Tuesday, October 29.
“In the mining sector, we see significant opportunities for collaboration. While there is considerable trade in gold, much of it remains illegal, with a large portion of Nigerian gold ending up in the UAE unlawfully.
We propose working together to develop strategies to curb illegal gold trade and establish a regulatory framework that legitimises this trade, allowing both countries to maximise their benefits,” Alake said.
#Instablog9jaNews #TrendingStory #Awareness #StayUpdated
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9jamusic
Davido Teases 2 Tracks From 5ive Album On Subaru Boyz Stream
~1.1 mins read
Davido
Davido Sneak Peek Two New Tracks from Upcoming Album 5ive During Subaru Boyz Stream with Santi (Cruel Santino)
Afrobeats superstar Davido has given fans an exciting glimpse into his highly anticipated upcoming album, 5ive. During a recent live stream with Santi, now known as Cruel Santino on the Subaru Boyz platform, the Nigerian hitmaker previewed two unreleased tracks, further fueling anticipation for his next musical era.
Davido previews 2 tracks off his upcoming album “5ive” on ‘Subaru Boyz’ stream with Santi.? pic.twitter.com/pTYdU146MD
— T.U.E (@TheUpperEnt) March 26, 2025
The stream, which attracted a large audience of eager listeners, saw Davido vibing to the new songs while discussing his creative process. Though he didn’t reveal the official titles of the tracks, their distinct production and infectious melodies immediately caught the attention of fans. The preview suggests that 5ive will explore a fresh sonic direction while staying true to the energetic and vibrant Afrobeats sound that has made Davido a global sensation.
This sneak peek comes amid growing speculation about 5ive’s release date and possible collaborations. Given Davido’s history of star-studded features, fans are eager to see which artists will be joining him on this project. With his previous album Timeless breaking records and dominating charts worldwide, expectations are sky-high for 5ive.
As the anticipation builds, Davido continues to engage with his fanbase, ensuring that the rollout for 5ive remains exciting. If the two teased tracks are anything to go by, his next album could be another game-changer for Afrobeats.
Read More: Patrice Evra Grooving to Davido’s Be There Still
Tags: Cruel SantinoCruel Santino NewsDavidoDavido news
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Instablog9ja
Why You Should Consider Alternative Opportunities To Being Solely Independent Lady Offers Advice To Her Peers
~0.3 mins read
A lady has offered advice to her peers on why they should consider alternative opportunities to being solely independent.
She said women should jump at any opportunity to becoming not independent such as full house wife. She added that they should not follow they do feminism, hard girl and independent woman because all these are stressful and stress k#lls.
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